The Effects Of Winnie Madikizela Mandela On A Nation

The one thing that is certain is that we cannot choose the time and place for which we are born. To make an everlasting impact on a nation is something quite remarkable and extremely rare – especially as a black living in South Africa in the middle of the 20th century. Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, the wife of Nelson Mandela, broke barriers and will forever stand as one of the most influential women in South African history. Her determination combined with her natural intelligence led her to the place where her impact would be felt for generations to come. Winnie, born with the name of Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela, was raised in rural Pondoland in 1934. Nomzamo translates to one who strives or undergoes trials. Her mother, a science teacher, died when Winnie was only nine years old, leaving behind nine children. Her father, also a teacher, taught history and later became minister of agriculture in the Transkei, a self-governing territory of South Africa. Winnie was extremely intelligent, attending Bizana and Shawbury schools in the Transkei and graduated from Jan Hofmeyer School of Social Work of Johannesburg in 1955. Following her years of school, Winnie took a position at Baragwanath Hospital in Soweto, becoming the first black medical social worker in South Africa. Not long after finishing school, Winnie would soon meet someone who would also help change a nation. Nelson Mandela, a young attorney living in Johannesburg and active member of the African National CongressShow MoreRelatedWestern Colonization Has Affected The Ways Countr ies1456 Words   |  6 Pagesaffected the ways countries view themselves in various facets from economically to socially. Although the initial wave of colonialism has somewhat passed, that is the act of going and occupying other territories , Western ideals still manage to have an effect on how countries conduct themselves and how they respond to different situations . When examining South Africa s response to the treatment of Caster Semenya by the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) we see this playing out.

“Nature and the Physical World” Free Essays

Most common attitudes and behaviors today on nature greatly evolved during the Romantic Era. Before, in some European countries, people don’t usually celebrate any occasion related to nature. But today’s society, because Romanticism evolved, it greatly affects our perspective and approach towards nature. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Nature and the Physical World† or any similar topic only for you Order Now When talking about nature in the Romantic Era, Rousseau is an important figure. He is the man who loves to be associated with nature. He would usually walk and explore nature related sites, climb mountains, and just simply communicate with nature. Rousseau is man of sensitivity, mood and even paranoia. In his time, he explored the agonies of love and the sentimental aspect of it. Love is the most popular feeling celebrated in the Romantic Era. This is known before as a relationship between two individuals and up to now; we use this as a common definition of Love. As we all know, when we encounter Romanticism, it reflects European society. Before, Europe is surrounded by tragic happenings, emotions not being expressed freely, and places where usually killings would take place. But now, it is safer, less hazardous, and even very much beautiful to explore. Mountains and forest or deep woods are no longer places to be afraid of. Instead these are places that are awesome to commune with nature and to be enjoyed and pondered on. Storms on the ocean are now being used as one of the most interesting subject on paintings, musical tones, poems, and writings. Before, things such as ocean storms, lightning, deep woods or mountain views are often being feared. No one would dare to draw closer to these things in fear of losing their lives. Another reason is the supernatural beliefs of people that these things were left unexplored. In the Romantic Era, romantics did not just arouse the sensitivity of emotions, but also it aroused the sensitivity to nature. People have come to realize that communicating with nature could improve one’s lifestyle and belief. Nowadays, people would explore nature and its wilderness, and they usually feel the overwhelming calmness and relaxation that it provides. It has proven that the shift in attitude towards nature is powerful and really can offer long-lasting serenity and positive perception within self. Another important figure during the romantic era is William Wordsworth. Romantic Era in poetry is centered with man’s relationship with nature and the fascination of man with Mother Earth. For Wordsworth, the definition of Romanticism is the passionate relationship towards nature and its wonder and wilderness. In his time, the word â€Å"pantheism† was stated. Because Wordsworth made to reflect his naturalistic attitude in his works, modern Pantheists described it now that God is called life of all, nature, earth and the universe. Pantheists have deep admiration and respect of all living things around us, even the forces outside the earth or in the universe. But Wordsworth did not focus mainly on these things. What he focused on is the appreciation and love for beauty and exquisiteness of Mother Earth and nature. Wordsworth, just like Rousseau, would often go for walks, exploring the beauty of life around us. He would also climb mountains and the most common is his paying attention to the things related to nature that an ordinary individual would often miss in his everyday life. What he often witnessed when he is outdoors, was the overall feeling of calmness and serenity in times of agony and loneliness. We could tell that the love, peace and comfort that Wordsworth is getting from nature is actually the feeling we get every time we call for God. In the Romantic Era, we could probably come across an identical observation, because during this time Industrialization is also emerging and became one of the most attended things by people. Probably, just like Wordsworth, people would also love to go out of the city and search for peace and quietness in one place; just like what Mother Nature provides. These things were what poetry is during these times and even up to now. People tend to find a place where they can relax and be away from all the hard works, materialism, and aristocracies. A place where they can celebrate life and enjoy living as a free individual. In Wordsworth time, nature as described to provide these things would not probably be accepted; for a reason that during these times Church controls almost everyone and everything. Maybe people have tried but it was not socially accepted and anyone who must have caught doing this was branded as deviating from what society’s norm is dictating. Rousseau and Wordsworth, as well as some other Romantic poets and figures, have only one inspiration; Mother Nature and all the living things surrounding us. The paintings, poems, pictures and writings done during these times will probably make us realize how important it is to be away, even for sometime in the materialistic world. These things will also be our heaven in seeking comfort, peace and calmness within ourselves. Jut like poets and figures in the Romantic Era, we will perceive nature as the only thing that will give us no worries no matter what we lose, no matter what the circumstance is. It is the only thing that others cannot get from us, because it will just stay within us; in our hearts and in our minds. References: http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/romanticism.html http://www.customessaymeister.com/customessays/Poetry/3389.htm    How to cite â€Å"Nature and the Physical World†, Essay examples

Mass Media and American Politics †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Mass Media and American Politics. Answer: Introduction: In this case the areas of law which have been identified I relation to the media law report are Contract law: This area of law is relevant to the media report because it has been provided by report that the parties had entered into a contract where one party was supposed to build water connection for the other party. Tort law: This area of law is applicable in this case because the law deals with the duty of care and the harm caused by its breach and it has been identified in the media report that there has been an alleged breach in the duty of care by the state owned company. This part of the paper discusses the functions of law in the light of the given media report Ensures reasonable predictability in daily life- in this case it can been seen that tort law Ensures reasonable predictability in daily life as one individuals in the society can predict that through the application of law others would not commit actions which may reasonably harm such person as in this case has been predicted by Norvik Industries that the actions of the water corporation would make them entitled to damages. Encourages and discourages certain conduct- through the chosen media report it can be analyzed that Contract law encourages and discourages certain conduct as the law encourage the compliances with the contractual terms and discourages its breach by setting out damages which Norvik industries would be entitled to receive if it is proved in court that the contract was breached. Grants rights and powers to individuals and groups of people- in the given report it is provided that if Norvik industries sue the water corporation in relation to contract and tort law they would be entitled to compensation as they have been given such rights and powers through law. Imposes obligations on individuals / organizations to meet their legal responsibility- in this case it can be stated that tort law Imposes obligations on individuals / organizations to meet their legal responsibility as it sets out duty of care which a person owes to another in case of foreseeable harm. Here law has imposed a duty of care on the water corporation towards Norvik industries. Allows for the enforcement of recognized rights and duties through the chosen media report this function of law can be established as contract law operates to enforce the rights and liabilities of the parties to it, which have been agreed upon as it has done in relation to Norvik industries Provides remedies when an injustice has been done- this is the basic function of law specially tort law. The law makes the wrongdoer pay damages to the aggrieved party when it has been recognized a wrongful action (Price et al., 2913). In the given case such remedies would be provided to Norvik industries if the wrongful actions of the water corporation are proved. The legal issue in the chosen media report is related to the remedies a person can seek in case his rights provided to him by law are violated. In the given situation it was important for the parties to know the law because without the knowledge about the legal provisions the partys would not be able to make a claim against the other in relation to the breach and the other party would not be able to defend the case even if they were innocent (Overbeck et al., 2015). The parties also needed to know the law in the circumstances as they could have been extra cautions towards its compliance (Pember, 2016). Media has the key role of providing information to the society in relation o its whereabouts. The way in which the media reflects about the society is the way people not having much knowledge about it perceive about the society. In case media shows that law and order functions are working smoothly in the society people would have enhanced confidence in the system and in the same way if the opposite is reflected by the media than the confidence of people in the law and order implementation in the society would be hampered. In the same way the public believes that law is being administrated in a good way if the media shows the same. In democracy the government is made by the people therefore what the people need is of significant importance for the government the legislature thus have to prioritize public pressure and compromise with the natural law theory and adopt legal positivism towards drafting and amending legislation to govern the public. Thus public pressure have a significant impact on the process of drafting legislations (Graber, Doris, and Dunaway, 2017). References Graber, Doris A., and Johanna Dunaway.Mass media and American politics. Cq Press, 2017. Overbeck, Wayne, Genelle Belmas, and Jason Shepard.Major principles of media law, 2016. Nelson Education, 2015. Pember, Don.Mass Media Law. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2014. Price, Monroe E., Stefaan Verhulst, and Libby Morgan, eds. Routledge handbook of media law. Routledge, 2013.

The Great Gatsby And The Destruction Of The American Dream Essays

The Great Gatsby And The Destruction Of The American Dream The Great Gatsby, a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is about the corruption of the American Dream, and the downfall of those who attempt to attain its illusionary goals. As the novel shows, the 20th century is a moral wasteland and a corruption of the original idealistic American Dream of the past. Fitzgerald's moral wasteland is shown physically in the valley of ashes scene of the novel. This 'dismal' and 'desolate' wasteland exists side-by-side with the white and unreal dream of Daisy and her world. Even the colors of this landscape have correlations to Daisy: the yellow of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg's spectacles and the brick of the houses on the street is a color of decay, but also of riches like sunlight and gold. Also, the ashes in the valley form figures (to Nick) which disintegrate at the slightest puff of wind. Gatsby is incapable of recognizing the ashes of what Daisy represents and takes her emptiness for substance. Although Nick sees the moral desolation of the Buchanans' world, Gatsby cannot and tries to find in this world a dream worth holding on to. As shown in Gatsby's parties, nothing is tethered to reality; there is laughter without amusement, 'enthusiasm' between strangers, friends without friendship, and life without meaning. Gatsby's dream is that through wealth and power, one can acquire happiness (Daisy). Throughout the novel we see that Gatsby cannot see that the past is over and done with and he therefor can have no chance with Daisy. He is sure that he can capture his dream with wealth and influence. Nick attempts to show Gatsby the folly of his dream and tell him that he cannot relive the past, but Gatsby confidently replies, Yes you can, old sport. There are many connections between Gatsby's dream with the American Dream. A big part of both is the pursuit of material things and both have a touch (or more than a touch) of unreality about them. The American dream used to be self-betterment, wealth, and success through hard work and perseverance or luck, pluck, and virtue, as Alger would put it. However, in the modern era, all that changed. The American Dream shrunk from self-betterment, wealth, and success through hard work and perseverance to 'success' through wealth by any means possible, just as Gatsby's dream, his Platonic conception of himself, shrunk into Daisy. The corruption of the American dream can be illustrated by how Gatsby came by his fortune. Through his dealings with organized crime, he didn't adhere to the original American Dream guidelines. His very dishonesty that allowed him to get the wealth and connections to be near Daisy is also the very thing that would make it impossible for him to live in Daisy's world or she in his. In effect, pursuing his dream without thought to honesty or morality, Gatsby guaranteed that his dream would not come true. This is true also of the American Dream. Those who try to attain the American Dream without thought to honesty or morality are doomed to have their dreams remain unattainable or, if they achieve wealth, to have the dream become meaningless due to their very immorality (like Jordan's cheating takes the meaning out of her 'wins'). Also, in the novel all the immoral and dishonest people (Tom, Daisy, Jordan) have all the money. This concept of the corruption and destruction of the American Dream is also physically illustrated by how the 'fresh, green promise' of the world was displaced by the 'gloomy', 'gray' Valley of Ashes. The Great Gatsby illustrates how the pursuit for happiness through materialism cannot be successful without accompanying morality. Cut off from their mid-West traditions and ethics, the characters in the novel live in a sort of sick parody of the American Dream. They cannot be truly happy because they lack the inner reserves for such an emotion. This parallels modern society's rootlessness and accompanying corruption of the American Dream. Without something to believe in, to hold on to, we can not attain anything of genuine worth. Book Reports

Maximum Wage essays

Maximum Wage essays The United States has had a minimum wage for over sixty years, which begs the question: if we have a government-imposed income floor, why dont we have an income ceiling? Through the years, the idea of an income ceiling has been brought up several times as the solution to the supposed problem in the U.S. of a very small percentage of the population controlling a very large percentage of the assets of the country. One of the first times this suggestion was made was in conjunction with the proposal of a minimum wage in the early 20th century. During his 1932 campaign for Presidency, Franklin D. Roosevelt argued that the economic problem of the post-depression U.S. wasnt an insufficiency of capital, but an insufficient distribution of buying power coupled with an over sufficient speculation in production. In other words, the problem was not that the rich people didnt have enough money to invest, but that no one else had any money to buy (Long 298). A similar theme is found in economist Ravi Batras argument that recessions are caused by unequal distribution of income. Batra also notes that all great depressions have been preceded by great speculative manias triggered by high wealth disparity. Roosevelt, Batra, and many economists have agreed that as rich people become richer and more wealth is controlled by fewer people, more people are left with few or no assets. This fact creates a higher demand for loans, but the people who demand these loans are less credit-worthy, therefore the number of banks with questionable loans rises (Batra 117). The rich people become caught up in a speculative fever, which generates missed opportunities for meaningful economic growth. These two problems combined can have devastating effects on the economy, such as recessions or depressions (Pizzigati 19). Eventually these ideas, coupled with the need for gove...

Important Read This Before Sending ACT Scores to Colleges

Important Read This Before Sending ACT Scores to Colleges SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips No college application is complete without test scores. But sending scores to colleges doesn't have tobe a confusing and frustrating process! Read this article tounderstand all theoptions for sending out your ACT scores,to get help with the many decisions you will have to make, and to know what to do if you run into problems. I'll describe the basic process of how to send ACTscores, how to take full advantage of the ACT's individual score reporting, when to send scores, and howto make sure your scores don't get lost. At the same time, I'll go through the pros and cons of every option and suggest a recommended course of action. How to Send Your ACT Scores: 2 Methods You can send your ACT scores either when you take the test or any time after you get your scores. Method 1: Use Your Four Free Score Reports From the time youregister for the ACT until noon Central Time the Thursday after your test date, you have the option of sending out four free score reports to colleges or scholarship programs. However, this means you'll be sending your scoreswithout having actually seen them. Whether you should take this free reports offerreally depends on your circumstances: Pros:These four reports are free,so you'll save some money. Cons:You won’t be able to take advantage of the ACT score choicepolicy (more on this later). In other words, instead of getting to pick and choose which of your scores colleges will see, yourtest results will be sent to colleges even if you do worse than you expect. I recommend usingthe free reports to send scores to colleges thatrequire you to send all your ACT scores. Method 2: Order Additional Score Reports You can also send your ACT scores any time after you receive them by logging into your ACT accountor by sending in an order form for additional score reports. In your account, you can see your scores from all ACTs you've taken and create reports of these scores forcolleges to see. Here's our advice about whether you should send ACT scores after you've seen them: Pros:You can customize each score report to have only the test dates you want to send to colleges. This lets you take advantage ofACT score choice(again, I'll tell you all about this a little further down). Cons:Each score report costs $13 (even for students eligible for fee waivers), and each report can only have one test date and one college on it. For example, sending one test score to 10 schools costs $130, while sending four test scores to one school costs $52. Priority reports cost even more: $16.50 per report. These fees add up quickly,so think carefully about what you want to send where. Here are some of our recommendations on when to send additional score reports: Send scores withyour best section results to colleges that superscore the ACT. These schools willmake a new composite score for you using your best English, Math, Reading, and Science scores from any ACTs you took. Send your single highest score to colleges that neither superscore norrequire all your scores,to ACT scholarship programs,andto the NAIA if you are going to playcollege sports. Can You Send Old ACT Scores? To send ACT scores from any test taken before September 1, 2016, you have to request them from the ACT archives.Each regular archived report costs $38 (including a nonrefundable $25 archived scores fee), and each priority report costs $41.50. Here are three options for ordering older ACT scores: Request your scores online by creating anACT account. Send in a request form(if you can remember your approximate test year, ACT, Inc., can check a range of years in their records for you) or a letter of request (if you can't remember) to the following address: ACT Customer Care- Score Reports PO Box 451 Iowa City, IA 52243-0451 Call ACT, Inc., at(319) 337-1313.Note that you can only order regular reports this way- no priority reports. In addition, there is an extra $15 phone service fee. Pro Tip:Some QA websites claim that you can print out your scores from the ACT website and mail or fax them to colleges as a way of sending scores for free. If only!Unfortunately, the vast majority of colleges only accept score reports sent by ACT, Inc. What's more, most colleges only accept electronic scores through ACT's special service. It didn't work when you tried to mail your baby brother away when you were 4, and it won't work now for your ACT scores. Can You Choose Which ACT Scores to Send? Because of the way the ACT score ordering process is structured- you get to pick which score or scores to send to which colleges- their policy ends up being almost identical to the College Board's Score Choice policy for the SAT. (The ACT doesn’t call it Score Choice, but I will for the sake of simplicity.) Let's say you tookthe ACT twice. The first time you took it you were getting over the flu and having a terrible day. The basic idea of ACT Score Choice is that you can send just your second test score to your target colleges and pretend your first testdidn’t even happen. Here are some of the major pros and cons of ACT Score Choice: Pros Score Choice is awesome for colleges that don’t want to see all your ACT scores. It's also perfect for colleges that superscore- you can send your schools just those test dates that have your highest section scores. It’s also the best way to send your highest score to scholarship programs and the NAIA. Cons You have to be careful and read your target colleges' score submission policies carefully. Failing to send all your ACT scores to collegesthat require all of them could jeopardize your application! Because each score report can only haveone college and one score on it,sending out many reports can get reallyexpensive fast. The hot, new "make it rain" rap video montage accessory? A stack of envelopes from ACT, Inc. When Should You Send Your ACT Scores? Now, let's talk about the best times to send your ACT scores to schools. Should You Send ACT Scores Early? Some students have heard that sending ACT scores early (maybe even in your junior year!) shows colleges that you're a very interested applicant. It’s true that there is such a thing as demonstrated interest- admissions committees sometimes want to see proof that an applicant sincerely wants to go to their school. But demonstrated interest only comes into play after yourfull application has been submitted, usually as a way to move someone up on a waitlist. In any case, sending ACT scores early willnot give you an edge or constitute demonstrated interest.Generally, if you send scores to a college but haven’t applied there yet, the admissions committee will simply save them under your name in a general file until your application shows up. They don’t keep track of whose scores get there first. And it's not only that:if you send your scores early but are still planning to retake the ACT, you won't get the full benefit of Score Choice since you won't be able to choose between that early score and ones from later tests. Sending scores early enough for Neanderthals to receive them won't give you a leg up. When Should ACT Scores Get to Colleges? It'll be no surprise to hear that official score reports should be received by each university's respective application deadline.In order to figure out what this means in terms of when to send your ACT scores, let’s go through the timing of everything that happens after you take the test. Step 1: ACT, Inc., Scores Your Test This usually takes two weeks for multiple-choice scores (but can take up to eight). It takes an extra two weeks for Writing scores (if you took the ACT with Writing). It also takes an extra one to two weeks if you took the test outside the US or Canada (on top of the extra two weeks for Writing). Step 2: Score Reports Are Posted Online and Processed for Sending Scores are posted online as soon as multiple-choice results are ready (and Writing results are added two weeks later when they are finished). However, if you tested through State and District, School, or DANTES Testing, you’ll only see your scores online after getting your printed score report in the mail. If you registered for the four free score reports, these are sent out as soon as your full score report (multiple choice plus Writing, if you took the latter as well) is ready. Any score reports ordered through the ACT website take aboutone week of processing before being sent to colleges. Step 3: Colleges Receive ACT Scores Mostcolleges get ACT scores electronically.The schools themselves determine how often they receive scores. The least frequent possibility is once every two weeks, though most schools choose to receive scores far more often (for example, UVA gets them daily). A small number ofcolleges receive paper score reports sent by first-class mail. These are usually delivered within a few days. Remember that there will be a lag between when a college gets your scores and when it adds them to your application file. In most circumstances, the math for ordering the test goes like this: 1 week for ordering scores + 1 week for colleges to get and file scores = you need to order at least 2weeks before the application deadline Just in case, however, it's best to send ACT scores as soon as you're done testing and are sure which schools you're applying to. Your last possible test-date math looks like this: 2 weeks for scoring multiple choice + 2 weeks for scoring Writing + 3 weeks for ordering tests = take your last test no later than 7 weeks before the application deadline Sending your scores is the synchronized swimming of college applications: to do it well, you have to master perfect timing. Should You Order ACT Priority Score Reports? If you’re running short on time, you can send colleges your scores throughACT’s rush service. Here are the pros and cons of doing this: Pros Instead of taking up to one week to send your scores, ACT, Inc., guarantees that scores will be processed within two business days of your request and delivered three to four days later. Cons This service does not speed up how long it takes to score your test. This service also does not speed up how long it takes for colleges to receive your scores- colleges choose the timing themselves, which cantakeup to two weeks. In other words, while scores are sent sooner, they aren't necessarily going to be seen sooner. Colleges that receive ACT score reports electronically might not view priority reports at all. The cost is$16.50 per report. Here are our recommendations:if every moment counts because the deadline is fast approaching, it might make sense to pay extra to buy yourself a little more time. Just keep in mind that colleges might not see your scores any faster if their delivery preferences aren’t set up for priority reports. What If Your ACT Scores Arrive After the Application Deadline? What happens to applications when ACT scores are received late ultimately depends on each college’s individual policy. Some schools have a hard-and-fast rule that late application materials disqualify applicants. For example, theUniversity of Texas’s policy even overrides the guaranteed admission this state school offers to any in-states students in the top 10% of their class. At some schools, late ACT scores are a gamble- you’re betting that your application won’t be considered until further into the process, so your scores might have a chance to get there. For example, here's whatStanford’s admissions site warns in regard to late scores: â€Å"We cannot delay the review of an application in anticipation of scores that will arrive after the deadline nor can we guarantee that late [ACT] scores will be reviewed." Meanwhile,UVA points out what happens if your scores are late: â€Å"There is a chance that we will have already started the [sic] review your file before those scores arrive. You should still send those scores. ... There's a chance that the scores will be seen at some point in the process.† Finally, some schools judge each application on a case-by-case basis. This means that an otherwise excellent application might be put aside until ACT scores arrive, while an application that's clearly not a good fit for the school might be rejected even before scores arrive. Still better than being late for the Queen of Hearts and her "off with your head" policy. How Can You Make Sure Your ACT Scores Don’t Get Lost? The top reasons colleges can’t find your ACT scores are as follows: You enteredthe wrong ACT college code You forgot to send your scores to that particular college If you registered for the four free score reports, you can check your own score report for the code numbers you put in and confirm they're correct. If you ordered reports from the ACT website, go to your account and double-check the college codes there. A good rule of thumb is to wait three weeks after your sending date to check whether your scores have been received.Usually, this info will be available on the college’s application site. In other cases, colleges might contact you to let you know which application materials have not yet arrived. If you get a notice from the college that your ACT scores are missing, don’t panic:it can take a few weeks for received application materials to be logged.Chances are, the school has indeed received your scores but simply hasn’t filed them yet. Feel free to call the admissions office and calmly and respectfully ask them to check whether your scores have arrived. If your ACT scores don't turn up- whether because they got lost in the mail, were somehow electronically derailed, or were simply misfiled- you can still resend your scores by ordering new reportsfrom the ACT website. If she's facing away from Lost, does that mean she's going to Found? Deep thoughts. What’s Next? Is your ACT score good enough? Learn what an excellent ACT score is for your top-choice schools, and get a first-person guide to getting a perfect 36. Studying for an ACT retake?Learn how to stop running out of time on Math and Reading,and check out our complete guide to ACT Science. Want to blow off a little steam? Here are five fun facts about the ACT. Maybe one will help you win that coveted pink Trivial Pursuit wedge! Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

The Irish History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Irish History - Essay Example How various people responded to the Great Famine of 1845-1852 will also be discussed. Moreover, it will address the role of women in the history of Ireland, as well as the contributions of the Hollywood and Bill Clinton family to promoting peace in Ireland. The Irish Conquest came to a close during the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James. This was after several years of struggle, which was characterized by very brutal conflicts. There was an Irish Parliamentary meeting in 1541, during which Henry the eighth ascended to power as the new King of Ireland. This consequently made sure there was a government in place. Therefore, having a friendly king in Ireland, the English saw it as a rare opportunity to acquire further control of over their Kingdom of Ireland to its other claimed territories. This process took them close to a century to eventually succeed in their new endeavors. The process was characterized by various fighting and negotiations between the English administrators an d independent Irish and conservative English lords (Moody and Martin 31). As stated above, the conquest only ended during the times of Elizabeth and James. After a complete conquest, the English realized their first real governance of Ireland. They then established a centralized government all over, an event which was immediately followed by a complete disarmament of the local lordships. However, I would like to argue that this conquest cannot be termed as fully successful by 1603. I admit that by this time they had established a strong control over this territory, at least physically. Some structures, however, still remained unchanged. The Irish had been dominantly Catholics, a fact that had not changed a big deal by 1603. The Irish had not yet adopted the English Protestant ideology by 1603, and there was no sign that that would happen in the near future. The English were also employing very crude methods to strengthen their hold the territory. Methods such as martial law only att racted more resentment from the natives. There was also the introduction of the infamous plantation system which meant total colonization. The English had simply just failed, at least from the ideological perspective (Moody and Martin 31). The Irish gave another life to William of Orange as a Protestant savior even after years of irrelevance among the non-Protestants. William had preached the Protestant ideologies as the ideals. He had worked so hard within the Orange Order, an organization which had emerged after the â€Å"Battle of Diamond.† The ideology of â€Å"biblical Protestantism† emerged again under the new Orange Order, with the stronger principles of reformation. This Order also only accepted those who subscribed to the Protestant ideologies (Johnson 180). William had also successfully convinced not only other Orange Order members but also other protestant Irish that it was important to help The United Kingdom rein forever. Under the English rule, the Protes tants were assured of security and prosperity, since it would highly enrich them while discriminating against the Catholics. Therefore, William’s ideas for Unionism, which opposed any form of Irish re-unification or even the independence of Scotland, was an admirable gesture that would ensure that Protestants rule over Irish Catholics forever. Therefore, William was always seen as the Protestant savior against any fall (Johnson 180). The Catholics were continuously treated

Data warehouse, data mart and business intelligence Essay - 1

Data warehouse, data mart and business intelligence - Essay Example ique data structure that allows comparatively rapid and trouble-free performance of big and complex queries over large amounts of data (Business Intelligence Secrets, 2012). Additionally, the data warehouse is built to support the business intelligence tasks and decision support systems of an organization. However, the data warehouse is developed on the basis of relational database that supports queries and reporting instead of traditional business transaction processing. Moreover, it typically holds historical data resulting from transaction data; as well it can gather data from other corporate sources. Also, it divides bossiness analysis workload from corporate operations workload and allows a business to merge data from numerous sources (Oracle Corporation, 2002; Einbinder, Scully, Pates, Schubart, & Reynolds, 2001). There is another concept related to business intelligence known as data mart, it is a business decision support structure that integrates data from different sources and focuses on major processes or tasks of the business. In addition, the data marts encompass exact business related processes and principles like that forecasting sales, determining performance and influence of marketing promotions, assessing the influence of new product launching on business income or calculating and forecasting the working of a new business division or department. In fact, data marts are strictly business related software systems. Though, data marts can capture large amounts of data, even hundreds of gigabytes, but it cannot be larger than the data warehouse, which is also used by similar businesses. On the other hand, data marts are more aligned with specific company motives, system requirements and planning and analysis are performed in an effective manner and as a result implementation, design, i nstallation and testing are less expensive as compared to data warehouses (Demarest, 1993; Firestone, 1997). In addition, they can be developed rapidly and they are

Clashes of Race Essay Example for Free

Clashes of Race Essay Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore racism and discrimination within America. It was also a goal to show the relationships between racial clashes throughout history, and what the purpose behind the clashes was. By showing these clashes society gets a better understand of what triggers these action within society. Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE In the rather complex world in which society dwells on, society lacks appreciation for the simplicity of the universe. one act or idea can spawn certain events that affect the course of history. to understand history, it is essential for society to look at the causes behind the significance of an event. racial discrimination has spawned social clashes between ethnicities for generations, and it continues to do so. to understand the significance of these events, it is important to analyze the source of these racial clashes throughout history. analyzing the sources of these events provides, if any, patterns of human nature in response to mistreatment due to racial profiling. it is also essential to analyze the basic principles of discrimination within the twenty-first century and what society faces in present day. before analyzing racial discrimination in the twenty-first century, the importance of understanding the different types of racism is needed. There are two types of discrimination that society faces present day, direct discrimination and indirect discrimination. direct discrimination by definition, is when an individual or group is singled out directly by society or an individual based on there race. indirect discrimination is when an individual is singled out surreptitiously by an individual or group. this is more prevalent within present day culture, compared to direct discrimination. the reason being that racism in the twenty-first century is less acceptable among society. the result of racism is that it is less acceptable within modern day society is racism taking on a more enigmatic face. Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE social clashes that resulted from direct discrimination have been apart of america for decades. prime examples of direct discrimination are famously the wars and massacres enacted on early native americans. The reasons for these attacks on native americans were due to new settlers in america wanting to acquire resources from the natives themselves. the colonist’s believed that the natives way of life was inferior to their own, due to the savageness of their own human nature. This is a prime example of micro-aggression in early american culture. Such events such as the â€Å"trail of tears† and many other attacks on the native american’s way of life was justified due to the idea of manifest destiny, which is a belief that the territory was a divine gift to the american colonist. This resulted in constant conflict between american society and native americans in the twenty-first century. it is important to understand how micro-aggression works and operates in the twenty-first century. with modern society changing into a more diversified culture in the United States, it is important to understand how indirect discrimination works in modern society. Society by nature tends to group themselves within certain micro-cultures, it is important to understand this important dynamic due to its purpose within society. this dynamic by nature forces ethnicities to side with a certain set of social norms and values.(West,2004) examples of how this affects modern day society would best be described by conflict with interracial marriages and racial generalization. ethnic grouping has been apart of america since the beginning of american society. the colonist settled in america based on their religions and values, in which the colonist Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE had previously in britain. more modern examples of ethnic grouping would be groups, such as the black panther party, naacp are examples of more modern cases of ethnic grouping.(Jablonski,2012) the common feature of today’s society, also well known as mass media, has a huge impact on racial conflictions with the populace of todays society. one psychological principle says that if an image or idea is shown repetitively that the image or idea will leave an imprint on the mind, later on making the mind recognize the image or ideology as† normalcy†.(Yosso,2002) the mainstream media controls the public agenda, as well as the emotions reflected within society. the mass media needs to recognize the effect in which it has on society, the purpose of the media should be to promote the truth of a matter accurately. This would help balance out racial out lashes between ethnic neighborhood, as well as riots and other ethnic protest. (Vann,2006) in recent times of society, racism in north america has went through a major transformation, especially after the post-civil rights era where the democrats believed in equality for all types of ethnicities that specifically did not get along throughout the history of racism in society(Wamsted,D,2012). This shows the progression of diversity within America. however, even with change in equality the south still shows a higher percentage of direct discrimination as well as indirect discrimination in modern day society than the north. some examples of the result of discrimination can best be depicted is social out lashes of an ethnic communities. this can be shown through protest, as well as more Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE serious demonstrations such as riots. the causes of these demonstrations can be a number of reasons, but one pattern that is shown throughout history is that most social out lashes resulted due to mistreatment among their race. an example of this would be the los angeles riots of 1992. The riots resulted from six officers found not guilty that were accused of beating a black male, rodney king. the riots lasted for six days, and resulted in thousands of injuries and fifty-three deaths.(Watts,2011) however, not every protest result in death and injury. through the civil rights era many protesters believed in the nonviolent approach of martin luther king jr. most protesters believed in sit-ins, boycotts, and other forms of nonviolent forms of protest. however, the effects of racism and discrimination has not stopped america from diversifying, but rather fueled individualism among minorities within america. A study shows that more minorities are striving for higher education within america. derek bok reported in 2000 in his book The Shape of the River that eighty-six percent of black students who enrolled in twenty-eight selective universities across the nation were apart of the middle-class or upper-middle class. This shows not only an increase in african american on college campus, but also the percentage of success among blacks with a stable financial backing. This trend is important to understand due to the progression of diversity within america. It is prevalent that not only income have increased among african americans, but also the number of blacks going to college compared to college statistics of the 1990s and 1980s.(Harring-Smith,2012) to understand the importance of an action, is in essence the greatest ideology or knowledge to grasp. for every action within society has an effect on history. The Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE importance of diversity within society continues to show progression. however, racism will always have its place within society. society has to continue to evolve as well as continue to educate the youth in society to limit the grasp that racism has on america, whether the discrimination is indirect or direct. â€Å"weve got to face the fact that some people say you fight fire best with fire, but we say you put fire out best with water. we say you dont fight racism with racism. were gonna fight racism with solidarity.†-Fred Hampton Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE References: Haring-Smith, T. (2012). Broadening Our Definition of Diversity. Liberal Education, 98(2), 6. Jablonski, N. (2012). The struggle to overcome racism. New Scientist, 215(2880), 26. Vann, A. (2006, June 29). Sometimes the allegation of reverse racism is camouflage for maintaining the status quo. New York Amsterdam News. p. 13. Wamsted, D. J. (2012). Opening Doors for Diversity. Electric Perspectives, 37(3), 26. Watts. (2011). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1. West, E. (2004). Expanding the Racial Frontier. Historian, 66(3), 552. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2004.00088.x Yosso, T. J. (2002). Critical Race Media Literacy: Challenging Deficit Discourse about Chicanas/os. Journal Of Popular Film Television, 30(1), 52.

US Public Lands Essay -- US territory, US Forest service, government

U.S. Public Lands are a vital part of our nation and what is stands for, but you rarely hear anything about of these lands or the creation of their units anywhere other than a bleak mention in a high school American history class where they briefly mention their conception or if you seek it out in college. The federal government owns just about 30% of all public lands in the United States, (Bureau of Land Management Lecture), which equates to almost 650 million acres, of land of all different types and terrains. The U.S. Public Lands system is divided into five major units, all owned by the federal government, all with different goals and all ran by different legislation but all still dealing with the same things: nature and the environment. When first learning about the existence of these five major units, I asked myself, why aren’t these all under the same branches, just as many other sectors of life in America. Or if anything why isn’t it up to the individual sta tes to decide how they want their land looked after? I quickly realized was that they weren’t all created as one because each different unit has it’s owns mission’s, legislations to abide by and it’s own practices and that by owning so much land federally, the United States is able to hold more control over the individual states. Although I don’t think that it will be effortless and uncomplicated, I do think that the land owned by the federal government should be devolved back to the individual states so they can customize their care for the environment that is specifically catered to their specific terrain’s needs. I believe the best alternative is for the United States to give back the federal land to the individual states, and then the individual states consol... ... are now barely breaking even, even with tourism. The only really profitable aspects are the oil, gas and mining companies, which reside on federal land but those are poorly managed and do more bad than good for the environment and all people living around them. At first it will be hard but it’s not impossible under the right leadership who truly only wants the betterment of the environment, I think with strict guidelines and rules this could be the most profitable solution for humankind and the environment. I believe that giving the land back to the states will be beneficial to help keep the costs down, centralize the efforts, and make â€Å"saving,† and â€Å"preserving,† the environment more efficient in the long run. Works Cited Edwards, Chris, and Randal O'Toole. "Reforming Federal Land Management." Downsizing the Federal Government. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.

Ideal Society Essay

What does one think of when discussing the topic of an â€Å"ideal society†? Throughout history, mankind has struggled to improve society for future generations. Every person has his/her own views on what an ideal society should be like. Society is defined as â€Å"a body of individuals living as members of a community†. Many scholars and well-known authors such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Thomas More express those ideas through public speaking. Although those ideas are just one person’s opinion, others believe in the power of God and the belief that he created the world. This, in turn, developed societies amongst the people. Society is built upon individuals expressing their own beliefs and their opinions and putting them into action. The real question is how we, as individuals, take those thoughts, and utilize them to the best of our ability in our everyday lives. Realistically, an ideal society will only work if the ideals are upheld within each individual in the society. An ideal society has been talked of as a â€Å"Utopia†. It is one of the common dreams of man. It is a topic that has no such notion of a perfect explanation. There are many different perceptions from each person in today’s world. What are people continuously trying to improve? I feel that one aspect of an ideal society would be where we all are treated equally. People of different race, sex, gender, disability, etc†¦ would not be stigmatized by the rest of society as most are today. However, one’s talent could not be disregarded. In so many communist societies, their plans for an equal society had always failed. These societies failed to take notice of the talents in individuals and could not tolerate the people who outgrew their society. Society should provide more opportunities to a person with talent. Therefore, would â€Å"equality† still be able to hold true for all persons? I think not in this case. When talking about justice, what should really be considered? Justice can mean a multitude of different things to different people and societies. The concept of justice has always been closely tied to the idea of fairness. It has also always been associated with the idea of rationality. Everyone wants to live in a society that is fair. When a case goes before the Supreme Court, the judges (or justices) are expected to rationally deliberate long and hard about the fairest course of action. An ideal society should definitely have justice just as our society does today. Issues that could arise should be dealt with in the fairest way possible. The individuals making the decisions should be rationale about their planned course of action. Actions should not be taken based off of a biased view of something but rather an unbiased view. Freedom is another big concept that should not be ignored when thinking of an ideal society. It is considered to be the greatest human value. The more degree of freedom one has, the more one can realize his/her true potentials. If an individual is told they can’t do this or they can’t do that by another person than that other person is limiting the individual’s freedom. Each person should be allowed freedom but freedom must be regulated to a certain extreme. This is because freedom does not and cannot mean freedom to harm, exploit, or kill someone or something. Due to the fact that freedom should be regulated in an ideal society, this brings up the concept of governance and laws. There still remain people who may try to take away the freedoms of others if given a free hand. Individuals should have the highest possible freedom available but they still must follow the laws set forth by a government. Without these laws in place, there would be no order. If someone breaks a law, they must go before the governing body to determine the fairest way to handle the breaking of the law. An ideal society should not have to be one that does not have rules or laws and everyone runs around doing whatever they please. Public interest is the nature of a government itself. It refers to the general welfare of a society. In an ideal society, the attention of the people would actually have a large impact on governing ideas. This is supposed to hold true in today’s society but most people have a large speculation about it. A society’s interests should be considered when running a government. It is these individuals one is looking out for. A governing body must consider what is in a society’s best interests and what needs to be done to ensure their general welfare. This includes making sure they are not in harm’s way. A government will protect its society in any way possible. There are many components that could play into creating an ideal society. The ones mention above are just a few. Undoubtedly religion would play some role in the theory of an ideal society and the people’s lives of the society. Government and the components that go into an effective government are also key elements. Another thing that one may look at would be healthcare. However, what components I think should go into an ideal society may differ from those of another person. Every person has his/her own views and ideas concerning this concept. There is no universal right or wrong in this case, there is only what you believe.

Comare and Contrast Living in the Country and in the City Essay

Everyone has the different lifestyle. City lifestyle and country lifestyle are two different types of livings. There are some most different thing between living in the country and in the city are the environment, job opportunity, cost of living, and social life. The environment in the countryside and the city is very different. There are less pollution, fewer cars, and fewer factories in the countryside. Moreover, there are many trees while there are many buildings in the city. These entire make the environment is better, fresh, and more natural. In the city filled with cares and factories which are the important causes of noise and environmental pollution. People would prefer to live in the countryside far away from the noisy and dirty city. There are more the job opportunities in the city. The job market in the countryside is smaller than in the city. People in the country have their farms or field, and stores that they can make a living, so the jobs in the country are more relax than in the city. However, most people move to the city to find a job because it’s easier. People in the city are owner of a big company or work mostly in the companies. In the city, most of work requires a high class and people almost work with technology such as computer, printer, phone all day in the building. City is a gathering place of a large number of different professions. Industrialists, small business owners, job holders, people related to transportation like taxi drivers and rickshaw pullers, doctors, professors, garments workers and many other are found in a city. Working in the city make more money than in the country, but on the other hand, people get more stressed than working in the country. Therefore, the city life has more job opportunities but some people like living in country. The cost of living in the city is higher than the country. The goods are more expensive. In the country, most people have the sufficient economy. They can plant and breed animals so they have the cost of living that is lower and the goods are cheaper. The country life is simple and comfortable. The inhabitants of countryside are always bound by a sense of community, but they also suffer from being cut off from the exciting outside world. They have the advantage of knowing that there is someone to turn to when they need help and some ideal places to go when they need to be alone. The life is simple but cozy enough. But the inconvenient transportation and underdevelopment of economy deprive villagers the possibility of going to a new show or a latest movie, and make shopping a major problem. City life may breed a scaring feeling of isolation but it can also focus people’s attention. Living in the building, all people can see from the window is sky and the concrete building jungle. Gradually they tend to hide their feelings and do not even say hello to the neighbors or they too busy to care about people around; even though, they do not have time with their family. However, compared to the countryside, the city is a center of fashion and events, and an ocean of opportuni ties and material prosperity. Besides, the life in the city does not come to an end at ten at night like it does in the countryside. These reasons above shown very clearly. The country lifestyle is much better, simpler, and more relaxing than the city lifestyle. In the country, people make less and use less, but they enjoy their life with their family, have a peace life without competitive, noise, busy, crowded, and stressful.

Imeprialism Should We or Shouldnt We essays

Imeprialism Should We or Shouldnt We essays Imperialism:Should We or Shouldnt We? The decision of America to branch out and expand the country is a decision that has been highly debated over the course of Americas history. It was a difficult time in America, around the 1890s; and America was faced with a dilemma. The working class was poor and most Americans felt it was because of overproduction. The popular belief was that America was producing, it just wasnt using it all. The belief of overproduction and another popular belief of Manifest Destiny were the driving forces behind imperialism. I believe these reasons alone were not sufficient enough to justify the building of an American empire. Imperialism in America at the time was a good thing. America was indeed overproducing. So in order to improve the economy Government believed that if the country expanded this would create a better market and improve the economy all around. It would create more jobs and more people to buy up the surplus America was producing. It would basically level out the economy so that everyone could prosper. Another good thing about Imperialism came through Manifest Destiny. It was the belief that America was destined to rule and so expansion also came about. One of the things that developed through Manifest Destiny was a new sense of nationalism. It gave people pride in their country unlike anything before. They felt good towards their country so much so that most Americans supported imperialism. They used reasons like white mans burden, and god given rights to base imperialism on. It brought pride and happiness, which in turn improved peoples spirits in everything. The workplace, life, family everything. America was a great place to be in during these times with all the good feelings being generated by everyone. It was a good morale booster for everyone in America. That is one of the most positive things I think developed out of American Imperialis ...

Rhinoceros Facts

Rhinoceros Facts There are five species of Rhinoceroses- Ceratotherium simum, Diceros bicornis, Rhinoceros unicornis, R. sondaicos, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis- and for the most part, they live in widely separated ranges. By most counts, there are less than 30,000 rhinoceroses alive today, a steep plunge in population for a mammal that has existed on the earth, in one form or another, for 50 million years. Fast Facts: Rhinoceros Scientific Name: Five species are Ceratotherium simum, Diceros bicornis, Rhinoceros unicornis, R. sondaicos, Dicerorhinus sumatrensisCommon Name: White, Black, Indian, Javan, SumatranBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 4–15 feet tall, 7–15 feet long, depending on speciesWeight: 1,000–5,000 poundsLifespan: 10–45 yearsDiet:  HerbivoreHabitat: Subharan Africa, Southeast Asia, Indian subcontinentPopulation: 30,000Conservation Status: Three species are Critically Endangered (Javan, Sumatran, black), one is Vulnerable (Indian), one is Near Threatened (white) Description Rhinoceroses are perissodactyls, or odd-toed ungulates, a family of mammals characterized by their herbivorous diets, relatively simple stomachs, and ​an odd number of toes on their feet (one or three). The only other perissodactyls on earth today are horses, zebras, and donkeys (all belonging to genus Equus), and the strange, pig-like mammals known as tapirs.  Rhinoceroses are characterized by their large sizes, quadrupedal postures, and single or double  horns on the ends of their snouts- the name rhinoceros is Greek for nose horn. These horns probably evolved as a sexually selected characteristic- that is, males with bigger, more prominent horns were more successful with females during mating season. Considering how big they are, rhinoceroses have unusually small brains- no more than a pound and a half in the largest individuals, and about five times smaller than a comparably sized elephant. That is a common attribute in animals which have elaborate anti-predator defenses like body armor: their encephalization quotient (the relative size of an animals brain compared to the rest of its body) is low. WLDavies/Getty Images   Species There are five extant rhino species- the white rhinoceros, black rhinoceros, Indian rhinoceros, Javan rhinoceros, and Sumatran rhinoceros. The largest rhinoceros species, the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) consists of two subspecies- the southern white rhinoceros, which lives in the southernmost regions of Africa, and the northern white rhinoceros of central Africa. There are about 20,000 southern white rhinoceroses in the wild, the males of which weigh over two tons, but the northern white rhinoceros is on the brink of extinction, with a mere handful of individuals surviving in zoos and nature reserves. No one is quite sure why C. simum is called white- this may be a corruption of the Dutch word wijd, which means wide (as in widespread), or because its horn is lighter than that of other rhinoceros species. Actually brown or grey in color, the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) used to be widespread across southern and central Africa, but today its numbers have dwindled to about half those of the southern white rhinoceros. (In Greek, bicornis means two-horned; an adult black rhinoceros has a larger horn toward the front of its snout, and a narrower one directly behind.) Black rhinoceros adults rarely exceed two tons in weight, and they browse on shrubs rather than grazing on grass like their white cousins. There used to be a bewildering number of black rhinoceros subspecies, but today the International Union for the Conservation of Nature recognizes only three, all of them seriously endangered. The Indian or greater one-horned rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis, used to be thick on the ground in India and Pakistan until a combination of hunting and habitat destruction restricted its numbers to the puny 4,000 or so individuals alive today. Full-grown Indian rhinos weigh between three and four tons and are characterized by their long, thick, black horns, which are prized by unscrupulous poachers. On a historical note, the Indian rhinoceros was the first rhino to be seen in Europe, a single individual shipped to Lisbon in 1515. Plucked from its natural habitat, this unfortunate rhino quickly died, but not before it had been immortalized in a woodcut by Albrecht Durer, the sole reference point for European  enthusiasts until another Indian rhino arrived in England in 1683. One of the rarest mammals in the entire world, the Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicos) consists of a few dozen individuals living on the western edge of Java (the largest island in the Indonesian archipelago). This cousin of the Indian rhinoceros (same genus, different species) is slightly smaller, with a comparably smaller horn, which has not, sadly, prevented it from being hunted to near-extinction by poachers. The Javan rhinoceros used to be widespread across Indonesia and southeast Asia; one of the key factors in its decline was the Vietnam War, in which millions of acres of habitat were destroyed by incendiary bombing and poisoning of vegetation by the herbicide called Agent Orange. Also known as the hairy rhinoceros, the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is almost as endangered as the Javan rhinoceros, with which it once shared the same territory of Indonesia and Southeast Asia. Adults of this species rarely exceed 2,000 pounds in weight, making it the smallest living rhinoceros. Unfortunately, as with the Javan rhinoceros, the relatively short horn of the Sumatran rhinoceros hasnt spared it from the depredations of poachers: The powdered horn of a Sumatran rhino commands over $30,000 per kilogram on the black market. Not only is D. sumatrensis the smallest rhino, but its also the most mysterious. This is by far the most vocal rhino species and herd members communicate with one another via yelps, moans, and whistles. Habitat and Range Rhinoceroses are native to Subharan Africa, Southeast Asia, Indian subcontinent, depending on their species. They live in a variety of habitats, including tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands, tropical moist forests, and deserts and xeric shrublands. Diet Rhinos are all herbivores, but their diets depend on their habitat: Sumatran and Javan rhinos feed on tropical vegetation, including some fruits, while black rhinoceros are primarily browsers that feed on herbs and shrubs, and Indian rhinos feed on both grasses and aquatic plants. They require a great deal of time to forage and spend most of their active time doing that. Rhinos can be active day or night and generally regulate their activity depending on the weather. If its too hot or too cold, they will stay near water. Behavior If theres one place the average person does not want to be, its in the path of a stampeding rhino. When startled, this animal can hit top speeds of 30 miles per hour, and its not exactly equipped to stop on a dime (which may be one reason rhinos evolved their nasal horns as they can absorb unexpected impacts with stationary trees). Because rhinos are basically solitary animals, and because they have become so thin on the ground, its rare to see a true crash (as a group of rhinos is called), but this phenomenon has been known to occur around watering holes. Rhinos also have poorer eyesight than most animals, another reason not to linger in the path of a four-ton male on your next African safari. The closest rhinoceros bond is between a mother and her offspring. Bachelor rhinos congregate in small crashes of three to five, and sometimes as many as 10, to cooperate against predators. Rhinos may also gather around limited resources, water pools, wallows, feeding areas, and salt licks, always staying one body length apart. Reproduction and Offspring All rhinoceroses are polygamous and polyandrous- both sexes seek multiple mates. Courting and mating can occur at any time during the day. During courtship, males engage in mate-guarding behavior until the female is in full estrus and will permit males to approach her. Indian male rhinos whistle loudly to announce reproductive condition and location, six to 10 hours before breeding activity. Gestation takes 15–16 months, and by two months of age, calves are weaned and may be left alone while the female forager a few feet away. When separated temporarily, the female and her calves stay in contact through vocalizations. Calves suckle until the calf is two or the mother conceives again; they become completely independent at three years. Females become sexually mature at 5–7, and males at 10 years. Rhinos typically live between 10 and 45 years, depending on the species.   mantaphoto/Getty Images Evolutionary History Researchers trace the evolutionary lineage of modern rhinoceroses back 50 million years, to small, pig-sized ancestors that originated in Eurasia and later spread to North America. A good example is Menoceras, a tiny, four-footed plant-eater that sported a pair of small horns. The North American branch of this family went extinct about five million years ago, but rhinos continued to live in Europe until the end of the last Ice Age (at which point Coelodonta, also known as the woolly rhino, went extinct along with its fellow mammalian megafaunas like the woolly mammoth and the saber-toothed tiger). One recent rhinoceros ancestor, Elasmotherium, may even have inspired the unicorn myth, as its single, prominent horn struck awe in early human populations. Daniel Eskridge/Stocktrek Images/Getty Images Conservation Status All of the five species of rhinoceroses are listed as endangered or vulnerable ty the IUCN. Three are listed as Critically Endangered (Javan, Sumatran, and black rhinos); one is Vulnerable (Indian), and one is Near Threatened (white).   Ã‚  Klaus Vedfelt/Getty Images Threats Rhinoceroses have been continually driven relentlessly to the brink of extinction by human poachers. What these hunters are after is rhino horns, which, when ground up into powder, are valued in the east as aphrodisiacs (today, the largest market for powdered rhino horn is in Vietnam, as Chinese authorities have recently cracked down on this illicit trade). Whats ironic is that the horn of a rhinoceros is composed entirely of keratin, the same substance that makes up human hair and fingernails. Rather than continuing to drive these majestic animals into extinction, perhaps poachers can be convinced to grind up their toenail clippings and see if anyone notices the difference! Sources Emslie, R. Ceratotherium simum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T4185A16980466, 2012.-. Diceros bicornis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T6557A16980917, 2012.  Hutchins, M., and M. D. Kreger. Rhinoceros Behaviour: Implications for Captive Management and Conservation. International Zoo Yearbook 40.1 (2006): 150-73. Print.Talukdar, B.K. et al. Rhinoceros unicornis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T19496A8928657, 2008.  van Strien, N.J. et al. Rhinoceros sondaicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T19495A8925965, 2008.van Strien, N.J., et al. Dicerorhinus sumatrensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T6553A12787457, 2008.

The Kodak Venture in China Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Kodak Venture in China - Case Study Example 2001) .China has indeed got all the ingredients to make an IJV(international joint venture ) a success based upon its vast population, large consumer base and less firm grasp of the brand MNC's power and few branded commodities - a marketer's dream come true.Many writers have described China as an enigma ..With many organizations having already tried and failed". (Heracleous, L. 2001) This is due to a lack of knowledge of the local environment and guanxi (relationships and connections). (see appendix below) The Kodak venture in China was different story as the international company owned by Eastman Kodak struggled to permeate into the Far Eastern Human Resource Management barriers.It is reported that currently Kodak's Chinese revenues are currently more than $300 and it has a 40 percent market share along with 5,500 outlets. (Alon 2001).Where as Kodak benefitted immensely from its focus on the franchises for rapid distribution and focused on brand equity and closer trust and consumer understanding, a strategy of long term investment and less short term costs and a strategy of establishing close relationships with multiple levels of government . (see appendix below) (Alon 2001). From an HRM perspective however Kodak had the following potential challenges in the HRM area in front of it. It is however worth identifying the conceptual framework with in which I will be commenting on the Kodak case study. (Alon 2001).This framework implies the whole organization and planning of the research and identification of the purpose and the methods applied and outcomes derived as result of the organizational framework. This chart shows the framework which served a guideline for the research procedure. In commenting on the Chinese HRM challenges facing Kodak as a Western Company the table below illustrates my approach in explaining the success of Kodak in localizing management strategies in China. (Alon 2001). What is really important is the way Kodak was able to recognize the importance of developing a corporate management culture to effectively work in the Chinese market cannot be overemphasized. With economic growth exceeding 10%, Kodak fast realized that China's enormous domestic market offers huge upside gains for those firms who successfully implement localization techniques to make their ventures more successful. In addition to settling up the methods, procedures, and environment in which to train them, Kodak also has had to devise the means via which to retain them as well, as the Heidrick & Struggles (2006) report cites that the management turnover in China ranges between 15 to 20% according to their survey of 148 executives. This situation has put those managers with the skills and expertise in this area in the position of being able to switch to jobs offering the highest compensation and fringe benefits. This leads

Management Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Final Project - Essay Example The project showed the new shopping cart concepts that embedded the issues including shopping behavior, maneuverability, cost maintenance, and child safety. These concepts aimed at improving the management skills where both the business and the customers were the centers of interest (Kelly, 1999). As the business was reducing the loss of its fixed assets (the cart trolleys), the customer values and interest were also considered whereby despite the crewed developing in the shaping both the cost and customer safety were never compromised. Moreover, the show concentrated on the design process of the IDEO that reflected multidisciplinary team brainstormed, prototyped, and research the gathered the feedback from those who used the design. These applications deployed by the design indicated that good managerial skills that included teamwork as well as the incorporating the end users in the development and improvement of services and products (Kelly, 1999). Teamwork allows acquiring extensi ve knowledge and skills in design products and services that will meet the end users’ desire. Moreover, teamwork allows extensive innovation thereby increasing the production and sale of the intended service or product in the market line. Seeking for the views of customers within the intended product and service line is also an effective business management skill since it allows the business to design products and services that will meet the needs and wants of customers (Kelly, 1999). Notably, meeting the needs of customers within every product and service line often improves sales and profitability in the same sense (Kelly, 1999). Moreover, seeking and using feedback from the targeted customers is essential in that it is a means of improvement of services and products especially in areas that customers feel unsatisfied. It should be noted that the current business management skills are customer centered; the production of goods and services are to meet the needs of the custo mer. In this sense, the application of this design in businesses will improve businesses applying the same since they will be having an extended and elaborate market (Kelly, 1999). Additionally, every proper business management skill usually values the safety of its customer in line with production and service delivery and the IDEO’s design have ensured that child safety is a factor in their production and service delivery in the cart shopping. Another essential management skill demonstrated in case video clip, the continual improvement. Every business must give room for product and or service improvement. In the case of IDEO’s shopping cart design, the continual improvement is demonstrated where it is vivid that the design lacks some steel frame bottom and side to detect theft. However, it substituted plastic baskets thereby increasing shoppers’ flexibility and helped in protecting goods as well as providing a means of promoting the brand awareness (Kelly, 1999 ). The design also incorporated the auxiliary services that usually aim at maintaining customers to the services and products offered or acting as a means of customer attracting other customers to such news services and products. The dual child seat with a swing up tray provides a play surface and a secure spot for placing a bunch of carnations or cup of coffee. Additionally, seeking for the addition information through secondary research enable the IDEO shopping cart des

Effects of Cannabis on Cognition Research Paper - 2

Effects of Cannabis on Cognition - Research Paper Example The use of the drug is common among the young and productive age bracket that tend to abuse the substance for leisure or relaxation. Ideally, the effects of the substance may be extensive as they may include loss of concentration and diminished planning abilities.   According to a study by Grant et al (2011), volunteers within the study exhibited no prior disorder except after indulging in the use of cannabis substance. The study sought to establish the effects of the substance among young people over a period of one week and a year. The findings established that the use of the substance immensely affected decision-making and planning abilities for this age bracket (Grant et al, 2012). This was because of the using the drug at different intervals that in turn affected the neural functioning and decision making that led to the having problems with law authorities. Overly, the use of the drug reflects on the driving abilities of adolescents that in turn attract the charge of driving under the influence of an intoxicating substance. In addition, the study also proved the substance abuse had effects on the adolescents’ school performance hence increasing the number of school dropouts because of their limited productivity in school. Sequentially, the teenagers who were under the influence of the drug also portrayed withdrawal symptoms where they could not relate properly with their peers who were not indulging in the use of the drug.  In summary, the study showed that teenagers and young adults were more likely to indulge in the substance use more than any other age bracket because of their poor judgment and decision-making skills. Additionally, this age bracket is more susceptible to pressure from peers and influence on their behavior hence making them indulge in the use of the drug (Grant et al, 2012).  

Milnacipran Hydrochloride (MIL) Uses in Medicine

Milnacipran Hydrochloride (MIL) Uses in Medicine Milnacipran hydrochloride (MIL) is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It was originally developed and manufactured by Pierre Fabre Medicament in France, and was approved in that country as an antidepressant in 1997 [1]. It has since been approved for this indication in multiple countries and currently marketed for this indication in over 45 countries worldwide including several European countries. Cypress Bioscience bought the exclusive rights for approval and marketing of the drug for fibromyalgia purpose in the United States and Canada in 2003 from the manufacturer Pierre Fabre Laboratories [2-3]. In January 2009 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved MIL only for the treatment of fibromyalgia, making it the third medication approved for this purpose in the United States [4]. Some of the drug information and properties are listed below: 2.1 Physical and chemical properties Chemical name : MIL is chemically designated as (1R,2S)-rel-2(Amino-methyl)-N,N-diethyl-1-phenyl-cyclopropanecarboxamide hydrochloride and its structure is shown in Figure 2.1. Synonyms : F-2207; Ixel; Toledomin; Dalcipran; Milnacipran Hydrochloride. Empirical formula : C15H22N2O. HCl Molecular weight : 282.8 CAS No. : 101152-94-7 Melting point: 179Â °C Physical description : MIL is a white to off-white, odourless, crystalline powder. Dissociation constant (pKa) : 9.65 Permeability coefficient (Log P) : 1.42 Solubility : It is freely soluble in aqueous buffers over the entire physiological pH range. It is freely soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and methylene chloride and sparingly soluble in diethyl ether [5-6]. BCS class : Class I, highly soluble and highly permeable drug. 2.2 Pharmacological properties Mechanism of Action Milnacipran blocks 5-HT and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake into the neuron, thereby increasing 5-HT and NE extracellular concentrations. This activates 5-HT and NE auto and heteroreceptors culminating in a decreasing 5-HT and NE neuronal firing rates, synthesis, and release. On Chronic use MIL continues to block 5-HT and NE transporters without desensitization, but 5-HT and NE auto- and heteroreceptors are desensitized and thus, down regulated. Firing rates of 5-HT and NE return to normal, and the amount of 5-HT and NE released per nerve impulse is increased [7]. MIL has no significant affinity for ÃŽ ±- and ÃŽ ²-adrenergic, muscarinic (M1-5), histamine (H1-4), dopamine (D1-5), opiate, benzodiazepine, or ÃŽ ³-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. MIL has no significant affinity for Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Cl– channels and does not inhibit the activity of human monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) or acetylcholinesterase [8-9]. One of the main differences between the various antidepressants and MIL is its equal preference and activity on the uptake of NE and 5-HT. The exact mechanism of the central pain inhibitory action and effectiveness in fibromyalgia symptom are unknown in Humans [10-11]. 2.3 Therapeutic Indications Treatment of depression Major Depression, also known as major depressive disorder or unipolar depression, is a highly debilitating disorder that has been estimated to affect up to 21% of the world population [12]. It is a CNS disorder characterised by a combination of symptoms that interfere with a persons ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy pleasurable activities [7,12]. Despite the advances in the treatment of depression with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), there continue to be many unmet clinical needs with respect to both efficacy and side effects. These needs range from efficacy in treatment resistant patients, to improved onset, to reductions in side effects such as emesis or sexual dysfunction. To address these needs, there are numerous combination therapies and novel targets that have been identified that may demonstrate improvements in one or more areas [12]. Management of Fibromyalgia Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex syndrome characterized by chronic musculoskeletal pain which is often accompanied by multiple other symptoms, including fatigue, sleep disturbances, decreased physical functioning, and dyscognition. Due to these multiple symptoms, as well as high rates of comorbidity with other related disorders, patients with FM have a reduced quality of life. The reduced serotonin and norepinephrine levels observed in patients with FM suggest that medications which increase the levels of these neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), may have clinically beneficial effects in FM and other chronic pain conditions. MIL is an SNRI that has been approved for the management of FM [8, 13]. MIL was viewed as a wonderful new weapon in the fight against both depression and pain. Treatment of Lupus Recent studies proved that MIL is also useful against lupus. Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system turns against the body and harms healthy cells and tissues. It is a rheumatic disease which can affect many parts of the body including the joints, skin, kidneys, lungs, heart or brain. Some of the most common symptoms include extreme fatigue, painful or swollen joints, unexplained fever, skin rashes, and kidney problems. Scientific evidence indicates that lupus is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Lupus is characterized by periods of increased or intensified disease activity, called flares [14-15]. Tolerability and side effects MILhas demonstrated numerous adverse reactions in human clinical trials with tolerability decreasing with an increasing dose. In the placebo controlled trials in patients with fibromyalgia, the most frequent spontaneously reported adverse events were as follows: nausea, palpitations, headache, constipation, increased heart rate and hyperhidrosis, vomiting, and dizziness [16]. Discontinuation due to adverse reactions was generally more common among patients treated with 200 mg/day compared to 100 mg/day. The adverse effects can originate from the fluctuation in the plasma drug concentrations of an active substance following administration and subsequent metabolism and/or elimination from the body. Most of the reported adverse events were reduced or disappeared with the discontinuation of treatment [17]. 2.4 Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetic profile of MIL is as summarized in Table 2.1 [1,5]. Absorption MIL is well-absorbed after oral administration. Absolute bioavailability is about 85-90 %. It is not affected by food intake. The peak plasma concentration is about 120 ng/ml achieved in 2 hours after a single 50 mg dose. Inter-subject variability is low. Plasma concentrations are linearly proportional with dose over the range of single acute doses of 25 to 200 mg as shown in Table 2.2 [1,2]. Distribution Protein binding is low (13%) and not saturable. The volume of distribution of MIL is about 5 litre/kg with a total clearance of about 40 litre/hour. Renal and non-renal clearances are equivalent [1]. Metabolism MIL is metabolized mainly by conjugation (Glucoronisation). Active metabolites have been found at very low levels without clinical relevance. Cytochrome P450 2D6 is involved in the metabolism of many psychotropic drugs and its inhibition is frequently a cause of drug-drug interactions. This enzyme has no impact on the metabolism of MIL and no oxidative metabolites of MIL have been detected in humans [1-3]. The pharmacokinetics of MIL are not modified in subjects who are deficient in the CYP2D6 isoenzyme (slow sparteine-like metabolisers). Furthermore, MIL does not interfere in-vivo with other isoenzymes of cytochrome P450 [1, 18]. Elimination Plasma elimination half-life is about 8 hours. Elimination occurs mainly via the kidney with tubular secretion of the product in unchanged form. After repeated doses, MIL is totally eliminated in 2 to 3 days after termination of therapy. The liver and kidneys are both involved in the elimination of MIL as illustrated by renal and non-renal clearances with values of 23.8 Â ± 7.3 and 16.4 Â ± 3.1 l/h, respectively. This balance between renal and non-renal clearances may be an advantage in patients presenting with moderate renal insufficiency [3,5]. 2.5 Dosage and administration The recommended dose titration schedule for MIL is 12.5 mg once on Day 1, then 12.5 mg twice a day on Days 2-3, and then 25 mg twice a day on Days 4-7, and then 50 mg twice a day after Day 7. Recommended maintenance dose is 50 mg twice daily. In clinical trials, MIL was evaluated with a dose titration schedule. The daily dose may be increased to 200 mg (or 100 mg twice a day) based on individual response. Dosing should be adjusted in patients with severe renal impairment (CrCl 2.6 Marketed formulations There are various brands of MIL are available with dose of 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg immediate release tablets or capsules as shown in Table 2.3 [19-21].

Mending the Transatlantic Rift Essay -- Essays Papers

Mending the Transatlantic Rift The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 ushered in an era of dramatic change for foreign policy and the international system. Most obviously, the United States’ sense of invulnerability eroded as an acute awareness to the perils of terrorism gripped the American public. In American foreign policy, the dominant paradigms evolved. Whereas the Cold War notion of the centrality of powerful nation-states had helped order the Bush administration’s outlook before the attacks, the new paradigms explicitly accounted for the importance of non-state actors and rogue regimes as the salient elements of American foreign policy. In emphasizing rogue states, President George W. Bush focused on regime change in Iraq and ultimately decided to invade Iraq despite the opposition of important allies and the lack of authorization from the United Nations Security Council. The war in Iraq, along with an array of diplomatic and policy differences between the United States and its Eur opean allies, ultimately produced notable divisions in the transatlantic relationship. An analysis of the events and conceptual divergences that contributed to this rift renders a portrait of U.S.-European relations in which real rather than cosmetic differences separate the two sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Nonetheless, enduring commonalities and the realities of the present geopolitical situation leave hope for improvements in the relationship. In the end, mending the transatlantic rift will require the United States to exhibit a genuine commitment to diplomacy with Europe and engagement with the world’s most pressing issues. THE RELATIONSHIP Historically, the relationship between the United States and its European allie... ...ember/October 2002. Kagan, Robert. â€Å"America’s Crisis of Legitimacy,† Foreign Affairs, March/April 2004. Mandelbaum, Michael. â€Å"The Inadequacy of American Power,† Foreign Affairs, September/October 2002. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002. < http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html> Nye, Jr., Joseph S. â€Å"U.S. Power and Strategy After Iraq,† Foreign Affairs, July/August 2003. O’Hehir, Andrew. â€Å"Welcome to the New Cold War,† Salon.com, November 15, 2004. Pond, Elizabeth. â€Å"European Shock and Awe,† Washington Quarterly, Summer 2003. Project for the New American Century World Press Review. â€Å"We Are All Americans,† November 2001. < http://www.worldpress.org/1101we_are_all_americans.htm>

Islam – Hajj

Hajj Overview oPilgrimage is the supreme prayer for forgiveness of sins committed and the ultimate preparation for eternity oPilgrimage rituals which must be performed, eg circumambulation of the Ka’ba oThe rites of the Hajj symbolise the essential concepts of Islam and commemorate the trials of the Prophet Ibrahim and his family oHajj: The annual, week-long pilgrimage to Mecca (in modern-day Saudi Arabia), which is the fifth pillar of faith and is therefore an obligation as it is prescribed in the Qur’an.The complete Hajj occurs two months and ten days after Ramadan ends and culminates with ‘Id al-Adha (the Festival of Sacrifice). oIhram: The white garments are symbolic of human equality and unity before God, since all pilgrims are dressed similarly. Money and status are no longer a factor for the pilgrims— the equality of each person before God becomes foremost. oBefore they leave they must pay their debts, provide for for Hajj nd provide for any family t hat may be left behind. oThe rituals occur in and around Mecca. Before commencing Hajj or entering the holy area of Makkah the pilgrams must prepare themselves for the physical and spiritual journey ahead. This includes †¢Formal washing of the complete body †¢Making intention †¢Putting on the clothing consisting of two seamless pieces of white cloth for males. Females can wear what they like, provided its modest and covers body. †¢Attaining a state of Ihram, a state of purity, peace and honesty > refraining from sex, flirting, lustful thoughts, wearing shoes or socks. Reciting a prayer that the Hajj is for Allah alone > â€Å"here I am responding to your call O Allah. I am responding to your call. † oThen begins the physical journey of the pilgrim in Makkah. One that will take several days to complete. Significance oMuslims believe that the rites of Hajj were designed by God and taught by the Prophet Muhammad. oThe Hajj is designed to develop God conscious ness and a sense of spiritual rebirth. oIt is also believed to be an opportunity to seek forgiveness of sins accumulated throughout life. Prophet Muhammad had said that a person who performs Hajj properly ‘will return as a newly born baby [free of all sins]’. oIt is also an opportunity for Muslims from all over the world to come together to worship the One God. How Hajj Expresses the Belief of Islam oIncorpoates and expresses all the main articles of faith of Islam (beliefs about Allah, his messengers, Muhammad, the Qur’an, angels, Adam and eve the devil, life, death and the Day of Judgment to come. oTradition has it that Adam and Eve were forgiven by Allah near Mount of Mercy.In gratitude Adam built the first Ka’ba but this was washed away in the great flood. oIn the Qur’an there are many references to the Hajj and pilgrimage is mentioned many times. In fact Sura 22 is titled Al-Hajj †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Proclaim the pilgrimage to the people. They will co me to you on foot and on every lean camel, they shall come from every deep ravine† Significance of Hajj for the individual and the community o‘The reward for an accepted Hajj is nothing less than paradise’ (Hadith) oMakes present the central beliefs of a muslims religion. It is an obligatory pilgrimage oThey get to see the very places where the Prophet Muhammad lived and to walk in his footsteps is inspirational and strengthening to faith oAn opportunity for spiritual rebirth and the removal of sins, to start again and ‘return like a newborn baby’ (Hadith) oThe rejection of Satan by stoning the three pillars is a physical act that reinforces a spiritual and psychological commitment to reject evil both now and into the future oThe pilgrims state of Ihram is one of purity and humility.Here they are at peace with Allah, with themselves, with other Muslims and with all of creation. This memory will stay with them and they will try to recreate this in thei r everyday lives. oWithin Hajj the unity and universality of Islam are highlighted and strengthened. oHajj is the largest annual peace gathering in the world with over 2 million people gathering each year to pray together and be at peace with each other and with creation. oHajj reminds all Muslims of the Day of Judgement when all will assemble and be judged on their intentions.Conclusion Islam, the world’s second most followed religion can be summed up in the two sentences: ‘There is no god but God’ and ‘Muhammad is the messenger of God’. Everyone and everything depends upon Allah and it is through the guidance of the Qur’an and the example set by the Prophet’s life that Muslims cultivate an understanding of God and surrender themselves to the will of God. The relationship between the individual and God and with the community is expressed in the living out of the five pillars and following Shari‘a.Throughout its history, there hav e been shifts in how Islam views signifi cant people and schools of thought, and the modern world has brought new challenges to Islamic jurisprudence in regard to ethical issues. Muslims living in Australia have not always found it easy to ‘live out’ their religion according to Shari‘a and have had to confront misconceptions about their beliefs and practices. Today, however, the practices of Islam are a normal part of Australia’s religious landscape.

Amity Assignment

`qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxclzxcvb Market Research tyuiop Amity University yuiopas dfghjklfghjklzx cvbnmqvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuio pasdfghjklzuiopasdfghj klzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw ertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiop asdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |Preface | | | | | |Research acts as a platform for all the statistical manipulations and filtration of data and interpreting the results thereof, solving the defined problem to be | | |search upon.The role of measurement and statistics in social science research is treated sensitively and competently. | | |The term Research basically refers to search of knowledge is widely used in the area of Academics and various Industries as well. Our brain starts working and we | | |feel that it is something related to finding new areas, collecting all related information’s and preparing a consolidated report.As the management | | |students we are expected to have good knowledge and practice of these topics. | | |Hence before going into the technical knowledge of these topics let’s understand the basic meaning of the terms Research Methods.Research Methods includes the | | |concepts as they relate to a particular discipline or field of inquiry is a collection of theories, concepts or ideas; comparative study of different approaches; and| | |critique of the individual methods | | | | | | | | |Research methodology, as introduced in this book, is a means to understand the ways in which social science research produces multiple accounts of the world. | | |Further, methodology specifies how the researcher may go about practically studying whatever he or she believes can be known. | | |Regarding the organization, the study material consists of 8 chapters, well arranged in a coherent manner with an intention to serve as a study material for MBA | | |students.The different sections of this study material are: | | | | | | | | |Introduction to Research Methods, which basically describes the role of Research, the steps in the process considered carrying out a research, the different types of| | |research and brief information about ethics of a good research. Research Problem and Research Design, describing the concept, purpose and importance of a research | | |problem, the steps involved in defining and selecting a research problem; meaning, need, features and elements of a Research Design and the various types.Methods | | |of Data Collection, giving out the introduction of two types of data-Primary and Secondary, their collection procedure and the different methods and techniques | | |used in their collection. Data Processing and Analysis develops the understanding of collection of data, its arrangement and analysis. Measurement | | |and Scaling Techniques describes various types of measurement scales with the important scale construction techniques. Sampling Design helps to understand the | | |concepts of sampling and types of Sampling. Testing of Hypothesis gives the detailed concept about developing a hypothesis, its testing using various tests and | | |concluding the final result. Report Writing briefs various points to be kept in mind while compiling a report. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |2 | | Index Market ResearchADL-10 |Sl. No. |Chapter |Page No. | | | | |1 |Introduction to Research Methods |4 | | |Research Problem and Research | | |2 |Design |11 | | | | | |3 |Methods of Data Collection |22 | |4 |Data Processing and Analysis |30 | |5 |Measurement and Scaling Technique |38 | |6 |Sampling Design |50 | |7 |Testing of Hypotheses |68 | |8 |Report Preparation |93 | |9 |Key to th e End Chapter Quizzes |98 | | |Bibliography | | |10 | |99 | 3 Market ResearchADL-10 Chapter 1 Introduction to Research Methods Contents: 1. 1 Role of Research In Business Decision‘s 1. 2 Research Process 1. 2. 1.Selecting a Topic 1. 2. 2. Literature Search 1. 2. 3. Discussion with â€Å"Informants and Interested Parties† 1. 2. 4. Sampling 1. 2. 5. Formulating your hypothesis 1. 2. 6. Questionnaire Design 1. 2. 7. Fieldwork 1. 2. 8. Data Processing 1. 2. 9. Statistical Analysis (Hypotheses Testing) 1. 2. 10. Assembly of Results 1. 2. 11. Writing up The Results 1. 3Types of Research 1. 3. 1 Exploratory Research 1. 3. 2 Descriptive Research 1. 3. 3 Analytical Research 1. 3. 4 Causal Research 1. 3. 5 Quantitative Research 1. 3. 6 Qualitative Research 1. 3. 7 Conceptual Research 1. 3. 8 Modeling Research 1. 4 Criteria of good research 1. 5 Ethics of Research 4 | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | | | | | | | |1. 1 Role of Research in Business Decision‘s | | | | | |R esearch is a process of using the methods of science to the art of management for decision- making. Every organization operates under some degree of uncertainty. | | |This uncertainty cannot be eliminated completely, although it can be minimized with the help of research methods. Research is particularly important in the decision | | |making process of various business organizations.To choose the best line of action (in the light of growing competition and increasing uncertainty); it is very | | |important that one should be able to gather all the data, analyze it and reach to the appropriate decisions. Research in common context refers to a search for | | |knowledge. It can also be defined as scientific and systematic search for gaining information and knowledge on a specific topic or phenomena. In | | |management research is extensively used in various areas. Research provides a base for your business sound decision – making. There are three parts involved in any | | |of yo ur systematic finding: Implicit question posed, explicit answer proposed and Collection, analysis, and interpretation of the information leading from the | | |question to answer Illustration. Research comprises of defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; making | | |deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis?. | | | | | | | | |Market Research has become an important part in management decision-making. Marketing research is a critical part of such a Market intelligence system; it| | |helps to improve management decision making by providing relevant, accurate, & timely information. Every decision poses unique needs for information gathered | | |through marketing research.Thus, we can say that marketing research is the function that links the Consumer, Customer, and the public to the marketer | | |through information used to identify and define market ing opportunities and problems; Generate, Refine, and evaluate marketing actions and monitor marketing | | |performance; improve understanding of marketing as a process. | | | | | | | | | | | |1. Research Process | | | | | |1. 2. 1. Selecting A Topic: Topic is related to the area of interest. | | | | | |1. 2. 2. Literature Search: A researcher should be aware of the current research in the related area and further scope of expansion. | | | | | |1. 2. 3. Discussion with â€Å"Informants and Interested Parties† | | | | | |1. 2. 4.Sampling (described in Chapter VI) | | | | | |1. 2. 5. Formulating Your Hypothesis (described in Chapter VII) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |5 | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |1. 2. 6. Questionnaire Design -Translating the broad objectives of the study into questions that will obtain the necessary information. | | | | | |1. 2. 7. Fieldwork – Collection of data through questionnaire or interview | | | | | |1. 2. 8. Data Processing à ¢â‚¬â€œ coding and inputting the responses | | | | | |1. 2. . Statistical Analysis (hypotheses testing) | | | | | |1. 2. 10. Assembly of Results | | | | | |1. 2. 11. Writing up the Results- drawing conclusions / interpretations and relating the findings to other research. You will have been given separate notes on report | | |writing. | | | | | |1. Types of Research | | |A research can be classified as follows | | | | | |1. 3. 1 Exploratory Research | | | | | |1. 3. 2 Descriptive Research | | | | | |1. 3. Analytical Research | | | | | |1. 3. 4 Causal Research | | | | | |1. 3. 5 Quantitative Research | | | | | |1. 3. 6 Qualitative Research | | | | | |1. 3. Conceptual Research | | | | | |1. 3. 8 Modeling Research | | | | | | | | |1. 3. 1 Exploratory Research: – The Exploratory Research structures and identifies new problems; it is an initial research which is commonly unstructured, ? informal? | | |research that is undertaken to gain background information about the gen eral nature of the research problem, without having any specific end-objective.It is | | |usually conducted when the researcher does not know much about the problem and needs additional information or desires new or more recent information. A research | | |that analyzes the data and explores the possibility of obtaining as many as relationships as possible between different variables of the study. | | |Ex: – Literature Survey, Experience survey. | | | | | | | | |1. 3. 2 Descriptive Research: – Descriptive research is more rigid than exploratory research, this research carries out specific objectives and hence it results to a| | |definite conclusion. Descriptive research is undertaken to provide answers to questions of who, what, where, when, and how – but not why.For example, it describes | | |users of a product, determines the proportion of the population that uses a product, or predicts future demand for a product or describes the happening of a certain | | | | | | | | | | | |6 | | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |phenomenon. As opposed to exploratory research, if you are doing descriptive research you should define questions, people surveyed, and the method of analysis prior | | |to beginning data collection. | | | | | | | |1. 3. 3 Analytical research: – This type of research is used where information is already available, and analyzes these to make a critical evaluation of the material. | | |Analytical research takes descriptive research one stage further by seeking to explain the reasons | | |behind a particular occurrence by discovering causal relationships. Once causal relationships have been discovered, the search then shifts to factors that can be | | |changed (variables) in order to influence the chain of causality.Typical questions in analytical research are: What factors might account for the high drop-out | | |rate on a particular degree programme? | | |Typical methods used in analytical research include: | | | | | | | | |[pic]Case studies [pic]Observation [pic]Historical analysis [pic]Attitude surveys [pic]Statistical surveys | | | | | |1. 3. 4 Causal Research: – Casual Research seeks to find cause and affect relationships between variables.It accomplishes this goal through laboratory and field | | |experiments. | | | | | | | | |1. 3. 5 Quantitative Research: – This research answers the questions about data that can be measured in terms of quantity or amount. It is applicable to | | |phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. | | | | | | | | |1. 3. 6 Qualitative Research: – This research involves analysis of data such as words (e. g. , from interviews), pictures (e. g. , video), or objects (e. g. , an | | |artifact).Answer questions about nature of phenomena in order to describe phenomena and understand it from the participant‘s point of view. | | | | | | | | |1. 3. 7 Conceptual Research: – This type of research is related to some ideas or th eory and generally used by philosopher. | | | | | | | | |1. 3. 8 Modelling Research: – This type of research is related to business situation where business situation is formulated into different types of model. | |Ex:-Mathematical model, simulation models | | | | | | | | |1. 4 Criteria of good research | | | | | | | | |One thing that is important is the research work and the studies meet on the common ground of the scientific method. One expects scientific research to satisfy the | | |following criteria. | | | | |1. The purpose of research should be clearly defined and common concepts be used. | | | | | | | | |7 | | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |2.The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement. | | |3. The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to yield results that are as objective as possible. | | |4. The researcher should report with comple te frankness, flaws in procedural designs and estimate their effects upon the findings. | | |5. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the methods of analysis used should be appropriate. | | |6. Conclusion should be considered to those justified by the data of the research and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis. | | |7.Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in research. | | | | | |In other words we can state the qualities of a good research as under: | | | | | | | | |1. Good research is systematic: it means that research is structured with specified steps to be taken in a specific sequence in accordance with well defined set of | | |rules. | | |2.Good research is logical: this implies that research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and logical process of induction and deduction are of great | | |value in carrying out research. | | |3. Good r esearch is empirical: it implies that research is related basically to one or more aspects of real situation and deals with concrete data that provides a | | |basis for external validity to research results. | | |4. Good research is replicable: this characteristic allows research results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby building a sound basis for | | |decisions. | | | | | |1. Ethics of Research | | | | | | | | |As a profound social activity, research connects us to those who will use it, to those whose research we used, through them, to the research that our sources used; | | |Hence beyond technique, we need to think about ethics of civil communication. In addition to construction of bonds within any community, ethics deal with a range of | | |moral and immoral choices; Research challenges us to define individual moral principles; Academic researchers are less tempted to sacrifice principle for a| | |gain than commercial researchers. Plagiarism, claiming credit f or results of others, misreport sources or invent results, data with questionable accuracy, destroy | | |or conceal sources and data important for those who follow beyond simple moral. Do not to what we should affirmatively do, i. e. concern for the integrity of the | | |work of the community combined with narrow moral standards with the larger ethical dimension. Research done in the best interests of others is also in your own | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |8 | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |End Chapter quizzes: | | | | | |1. Research, in management, forms a base for a) Gathering knowledge | | |b) Interpretation of information | | |c) Business decision-making d) Reaching to conclusions | | | | | | | | |2. In research process, what is the next step after Defining the problem definition? | |a) Determine the Sampling design b) Review of Literature | | |c) Hypotheses Testing | | |d) Data interpretation and analysis | | | | | | | | |3. A research that analyzes the data and explores the possibility of obtaining as many as relationships as possible between different variables of the study, is | | |known as: | | |a) Exploratory Research | |b) Analytical Research | | |c) Quantitative Research d) Descriptive Research | | | | | | | | |4. Observations, case studies and surveys are methods which are implemented under: | | |a) Quantitative Research b) Analytical Research | | |c) Conceptual Research d) Exploratory Research | | | | | | | | |5.Mathematical and simulation models are examples of: | | |a) Descriptive Research b) Conceptual Research c) Qualitative research | | |d) Modeling Research | | | | | | | | |6. Which statement, out of the following, doesn‘t cater to the Research Ethics? | | |a) Concern for the integrity of the work b) Define individual moral principles | | |c) Plagiarism | | |d) Work community with moral standards | | |7.Research, seeking to explain the reasons behind a particular occurrence by discovering causal r elationships, can be defined as: | | |a) Causal Research | | | | | |9 | | Market ResearchADL-10 b) Modeling Research c) Qualitative Research d) Analytical Research 8. A descriptive research describes the users of a product, determines the proportion of the population that uses a product, or predicts future demand for a product a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Disagree d) Strongly disagree 9. Quantitative Research does not deal in: a) Figures b) Amount c) Relationships d) Quantities 10. Complete the statement:In addition to construction of bonds within any community, ethics deal with a range of a) Sacrifice people for a gain b) Claiming credit for results of others c) Moral and immoral choices d) Concealing objections that cannot be rebutted 10 Market ResearchADL-10 Chapter-II Research Problem and Research Design Contents: 2. 1 Introduction 2. 2 What is a Research Problem? 2. 3 How to Select the Problem 2. 3. 1 Sub-problem(S) 2. 3. 2 Statement of the Problem 2. 3. 3 Steps Involved In D efining A Problem 2. 4 Checklist for Testing the Feasibility of the Research Problem 2. 5 Meaning, Need and Features of a Research Design 2. 6 Different Research Designs 2. 6. 1 Research Design in case of Exploratory Research 2. 6. Research Design in case of Descriptive Research 2. 6. 2. 1 Longitudinal Studies 2. 6. 2. 2 Cross-sectional Studies 2. 6. 3 Research Design in case of Causal Research 11 | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |2. 1 Introduction | | | | | |Research forms a cycle.It starts with a problem and ends with a solution to the problem. The problem statement is therefore the axis which the whole research | | |revolves around, because it explains in short the aim of the research. | | | | | |2. 2 What is a Research Problem? | | | | | |A research problem is the situation that causes the researcher to feel apprehensive, confused and ill at ease. In other words, it refers to some difficulty which a | | |researcher experiences in context of a situation and wants to obtai n the solution for the same.It is the demarcation of a problem area within a certain context | | |involving the WHO or WHAT, the WHERE, the WHEN and the WHY of the problem situation. There are many problem situations that may give rise to research. Three sources | | |usually contribute to problem identification. Own experience or the experience of others may be a source of problem supply. A second source could be scientific | | |literature. You may read about certain findings and notice that a certain field was not covered. This could lead to a research problem. Theories could be a third | | |source. Shortcomings in theories could be researched. | | | | | |2. How to Select the Problem | | | | | |The prospective researcher should think on what caused the need to do the research (problem identification). The question that he/she should ask is: Are there | | |questions about this problem to which answers have not been found up to the present? Research originates from a need that arises . A clear distinction between the | | |PROBLEM and the PURPOSE should be made. The problem is the aspect the researcher worries about, thinks about, and wants to find a solution for.The purpose is to | | |solve the problem, i. e. , find answers to the question(s). If there is no clear problem formulation, the purpose and methods are meaningless. | | | | | |Keep the following in mind: | | | | | | | | |[pic] Outline the general context of the problem area. | | |[pic] Highlight key theories, concepts and ideas current in this area. | | |[pic] What appear to be some of the underlying assumptions of this area? pic] Why are these issues identified important? | | |[pic] What needs to be solved? | | |[pic] Read the subject to get to know the background and to identify unanswered questions or controversies, and/or to identify the most significant issues for | | |further exploration. | | | | | |The research problem should be stated in such a way that it would lead to analytical thinking on t he part of the researcher with the aim of possible concluding | | |solutions to the stated problem. Research problems can be stated in the form of either questions or statements. | | | | | | | | | | |12 | | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |[pic] The research problem should always be formulated grammatically correct and as completely as possible. You should bear in mind the wording (expressions) you| | |use. Avoid meaningless words. There should be no doubt in the mind of the reader what your intentions are. | |[pic] Demarcating the research field into manageable parts by dividing the main problem into sub- problems is of the utmost importance. | | | | | |2. 3. 1 Sub-problem(S) | | | | | | | | |Sub-problems are problems related to the main problem identified. Sub problems flow from the main problem and make up the main problem. It is the means to reach the| | |set goal in a manageable way and contribute to solving the problem. | | | | |2. 3. 2 Statement of the Problem | | | | | | | | |The statement of the problem involves the demarcation and formulation of the problem, i. e. , the WHO/ WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY. It usually includes the | | |statement of the hypothesis. | | | | | |2. 3. Steps involved in defining a Problem | | | | | | | | |1) Statement of a problem should be given in broad general way: For example in case of a social research it is advisable to perform some field operations, collect | | |the survey, study it, and then phrase the problem in operational terms. | | |2) Understanding the origin and the nature of the problem clearly: It is essential to know the point of origin of the problem and discuss the problem with those who | | |has a better knowledge of the concerned area. | | |3) Survey all the literature available and examine them before defining a research problem. | | |4) Finally rephrase the research problem in to a walking proposition. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |13 | | Market ResearchADL-10 2. 4 Checklist for Testing the Feasibility of the Research Problem | |YES |NO | | |Is the problem of current interest? Will the research results have social, educational or scientific value? | | | |1 | | | | |2 |Will it be possible to apply the results in practice? | | | |3 |Does the research contribute to the science of education? | | | |4 |Will the research opt new problems and lead to further research? | | | |5 |Is the research problem important? Will you be proud of the result? | | |6 |Is there enough scope left within the area of research (field of research)? | | | | |Can you find an answer to the problem through research? Will you be able to handle the research problem? | | | |7 | | | | |8 |Will it be practically possible to undertake the research? | | | |9 |Is the research free of any ethical problems and limitations? | | | |10 |Will it have any value? | | | | |Do you have the necessary knowledge and skills to do the research? Are you qualified to undertake the research? | | |11 | | | | | |Is the problem important to you and are you motivated to undertake the research? | | | |12 | | | | | |Is the research viable in your situation? Do you have enough time and energy to complete the project? | | | |13 | | | | |14 |Do you have the necessary funds for the research? | | | |15 |Will you be able to complete the project within the time available? | | | |Do you have access to the administrative, statistic and computer facilities the research necessitates? | | | |16 | | | | | |TOTAL: | | 2. 5 Meaning, Need and Features of a Research Design A research design is the plan or strategy, which helps in arranging the resources required for research purpose. It acts as a path or blueprint for the researcher. In other words, it is the advanced planning of the steps to be adapted for collection of relevant data and techniques to be used in their analysis keeping different time and budget constraint in mind.Along wi th the population to be surveyed, size of sample, tools for analyzing data, interpretation of data, it also includes the budget and the time constraints too. 14 | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |The Design decision is in respect to following terms: What is the study about? | | |Why to study a particular topic? Where the study will be conducted? Techniques to collect the relevant data? What will be the sample design? | | |How will the data be analyzed? What is the time required? What is the allocated Budget? | | | | |Need for Research Design: It helps for a smooth running of various research operations thereby making the research efficient, gaining maximum information with the | | |minimum expenditure of time, effort, and money. | | | | | |The Research Design is divided into following parts:- | | | | | |ResearchDesign | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Operational Design | | |Sampling Design | | | | | |Observational Design | | |Statistical Design | | |(Sub-d ivisions of a Research Design) | | | | | |Sampling Design: It deals with method of selection of samples to be collected /observed for a given study. | | | | | |Observational Design: It deals with the constraints and exceptions under which the observations are to be made. | | | | | |Statistical Design: It deals with the editing, coding and analysis of the data gathered. | | | | | |Operational Design: It deals with the techniques by which the procedures specified in the above designs can be carried out. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |15 | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | | | | | | | |Features of a Good Design | | | | | |It should define the objective of problem to be studied | | |It should minimize the biasness and maximize the reliability of data | | |It should give smallest experimental error | | |It should be flexible enough to permit the consideration of many different aspects of a phenomenon. | | | | | | | | | | |Elements of a Research Desi gn: | | | | | |The important elements of a research design are: | | |[pic] Introduction: The Research proposal should define the research problem and the researcher‘s | | |precise interest in studying it. In other words it deals with the scope of study. | | | | | | | |[pic] Statement of the problem: It includes the formulation of problem which actually explains the objective of research. | | | | | | | | |[pic] Literature Review: It includes a review of different literatures and articles related to objective | | |of study. It is performed to get all the information‘s and researches done on the topic earlier. | | |[pic] Scope of Study: A complete study of any problem is difficult to study as it would entail an overwhelming amount of data.Therefore, the scope and dimensions | | |of the study should be delimited with reference to its depth, length, and geographical area to be covered, reference period, respondents to be studied and many other| | |different issues. We shou ld consider the time frames decided for the study and should finish it within the same tome slot. | | | | | | | | |[pic] Objective of Study: The questions to which the researcher proposes to seek answers through the study, comes under objectives. It should be stated clearly. | | |For example: | | |I.To study the nature of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | |II. To investigate the impact of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | | |III. To examine the nature of relation between †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | |IV. To identify the causes of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | |The objective statements should not be vague like ? to explore unemployment in India? | | | | | | | | |[pic] Conceptual Model: After completing the above steps the researcher formulates and develops the structure of relationships among the variables under | | |investigation. | | | | | | | |[pic] Hypotheses: A hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. They refer to different possible outcomes. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |16 | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |[pic] Operational definition of concepts: It involves the different techniques used in exploratory and descriptive research in operational terms. | | |[pic] Significance of study: It is a careful statement of the value of the study and the possible applications of its findings which helps to justify purpose of | | |study, its importance and social relevance. | | | | | |[pic] Geographical area to be covered: The territorial area to be covered depends on the purpose, nature of study and availability of resources. It should | | |be decided and specified in the research plan. | | | | |[pic] Reference Period: This refers to the time period of which the data is analyzed. Also it depends on the availability of data. | | | | | |[pic] Sampling Plan: It is the study that requires collection of data fro m the fields, then we should decide the population to be selected for study and the | | |sampling design. | | | | | |[pic] Tools for Gathering data: Personal and Telephonic Interviews, Questionnaire, checklist are different tools for data collection. | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] Plan of Analysis: This includes the statistical techniques used for editing, coding and analysis of data. | | | | | |[pic] Chapter Scheme: The chapter scheme of report or dissertation should be prepared to give the outlines and the studies of the research conducted. | | | | | |[pic] Time Budget: The time period of research should be decided in advance and the research work should not exceed the time limits. This leads to loss of | | |resources and extra cost is involved. | | | | |[pic] Financial Budget: The cost of the project includes major categories like salary, printing, stationery, postage, travel expenses etc. | | | | | |2. 6 Different Research Designs: | | | | | | | | |2. 6. Research Design in case of Exploratory Research: -It is also termed as Formulative Research Studies. In this case we do not have enough understanding of the | | |problem. Its main purpose is more precise investigation about the objective of study. It is particularly useful when researchers lack a clear idea of the problems | | |they will meet during the study. Through this the researcher develops more clear concepts, establishes priorities, develop operational definitions also. This means | | |that a general study will be conducted without having any end-objective except to establish as many relationships as possible between the variables of study.The | | |Research Design in such studies must have inbuilt flexibility because the research problem broadly defined initially, is transformed into one with more | | |precise meaning. This type of research lay the foundation for formulation of different hypotheses of research problems. It involves the study of | | |17 | | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |sec ondary data. It rarely involves structured questionnaire, large samples and probability sampling plans. | | | | | | | |Different types of Exploratory Research | | |[pic] Literature Survey: It is a study involving a collection of literatures in the selected area in which the researcher has limited experience, and critical | | |examination and comparison of them to have better understanding. It helps in updating the past data related to the topic of research. It also helps in | | |formulation of relevant hypothesis if it is not formed. | | | | | | | | |[pic] Experience Survey: It is a survey of experiences of experts/specialists related to the field of research which acts as a database for future research.This | | |helps in generating ideas with minimum data collection. The decision making in the probabilistic situations is a complex process therefore the study of the | | |experiences of the executives/researchers can be carried out using experience survey. Bidding of Tenders, Technol ogy forecasting, Manpower and Materials planning, | | |Production Scheduling, Portfolio Decisions etc. are examples of experience survey. | | | | | | | | |2. 6. 2 Research Design in case of Descriptive Research : – It is carried out with specific objectives and hence a definite end-result.It is structured | | |research with clearly stated hypothesis or investigative questions. It deals with describing the characteristics associated with the population chosen for | | |research, Estimates of the proportions of a population that have these characteristics and discovery of relationship among several variables. It is based on large | | |representative samples. The design in such studies must be rigid and focus attention on the following: | | |What is the study about and why is it done? Designing methods of data collection. Selecting the sample. | | |Processing and analysis of data. | | |Interpretations of Results. Budget and Time Constraints. | | | | | | | |For example: to descri be characteristics of consumers, sales people, market areas or organizations. | | | | | | | | |2. 6. 2. 1 Longitudinal Studies | | |Longitudinal studies are time series analyses that make repeated measurements of the same individuals, thus allowing you to monitor behavior such as | | |brand switching. However, longitudinal studies are not necessarily representative since many people may refuse to participate because of the commitment required. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |18 | | Market ResearchADL-10 cross-sectional analysis is a cohort analysis, which tracks an aggregate of individuals who experience the same event 2. 6. 2. 2 Cross-sectional Studies Cross-sectional studies sample the population to make measurements at a specific point in time. A special type of within the same time interval over time.You can use Cohort analyses for long forecasting of product demand. 2. 6. 3 Research Design in case of Causal Research: -When it is necessary to determine that one variable determi nes values of other variables, causal research design is used. Thus the relationship between different variables is established. It is a research design in which the major emphasis is on determining a cause-and-effect relationship. When we start the research work it is not necessary that only one type of research is used, we can use a combination of two or all the three types of research. Also research is an unending process, so there may be a clue left, which can initiate a research objective for other researchers. 19 | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |End Chapter Quizzes | | | | | |1. For an appropriate research, there should be a clear distinction between a. Methods and Tools | | |b. Purpose and Techniques | | |c. Problem and Methods for implementation d.Problem and Purpose ** | | | | | | | | |2. Which one of the following does not state the components of a research problem? | | |a. An individual or group having some difficulty | | |b. There shouldn‘t be any doubt in the mind of researcher with regard to selection of | | |alternatives** | | |c. There must be some environment to which the difficulty pertains d.There must be some objectives to be attain